The defeat of Left-Wing Extremism in India is an operational success, but without addressing tribal alienation and ensuring constitutional rights, it risks being an incomplete vict

GS3 Internal Security
The defeat of Left-Wing Extremism in India is an operational success, but without addressing tribal alienation and ensuring constitutional rights, it risks being an incomplete victory. Critically examine.

Examine

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The Hindu

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Introduction

India has witnessed a significant decline in Left-Wing Extremism (LWE) due to coordinated security operations, improved intelligence, and development initiatives. However, reducing violence alone does not address the structural causes that fuel extremism, particularly tribal alienation.

Operational Success Against LWE

Decline in Violence and Spread

  • LWE-affected districts reduced significantly; incidents and casualties have fallen.
  • Improved coordination through SAMADHAN strategy and fortified police infrastructure.

Strengthening State Presence

  • Expansion of roads, telecom connectivity, and banking in remote areas.
  • Increased deployment of Central Armed Police Forces (CAPFs).

Persistent Structural Concerns

Tribal Alienation and Displacement

  • Land acquisition, mining, and development projects often displace Adivasis without adequate rehabilitation.
  • Weak implementation of PESA (1996) and Forest Rights Act (2006).

Governance Deficit

  • Limited access to justice, healthcare, and education in remote areas.
  • Perception of state as coercive rather than welfare-oriented.

Human Rights Concerns

  • Allegations of fake encounters, arbitrary detentions, and misuse of laws like UAPA.
  • Erosion of trust between local communities and the state.

Socio-economic Inequalities

  • Persistent poverty, unemployment, and lack of livelihood opportunities.

Way Forward

  • Rights-Based Development: Ensure effective implementation of FRA and PESA with community participation.
  • Inclusive Governance: Strengthen local self-governance and grievance redressal.
  • Balancing Security with Rights: Uphold rule of law and accountability of security forces.
  • Focused Welfare Delivery: Improve health, education, and livelihood programs.

Conclusion

While operational gains have weakened LWE, sustainable peace requires addressing root causes. Without ensuring justice, dignity, and constitutional rights for tribal communities, the victory risks remaining partial and fragile.