Goods and Services Tax represents a structural reform in India's indirect tax architecture. Examine its significance for fiscal federalism and the challenges that remain in realisi
GS3
Indian-Economy
Goods and Services Tax represents a structural reform in India's indirect tax architecture. Examine its significance for fiscal federalism and the challenges that remain in realising its full potential.
Examine
GST as a Structural Reform
- The 101st Constitutional Amendment (2016) subsumed ~17 indirect taxes into a unified GST, eliminating cascading and creating a common market.
- The GST Council (Art. 279A) institutionalises cooperative federalism through joint decision-making.
Significance for Fiscal Federalism
- Shared Tax Sovereignty Concurrent taxing powers (Centre + States) mark a shift from fragmented authority to pooled sovereignty.
- Revenue Buoyancy & Formalisation Rising collections (e.g., ₹2.4+ lakh crore, April 2026) reflect improved compliance and digitisation (e-way bills, e-invoicing).
- Compensation Mechanism The GST (Compensation to States) Act, 2017 assured 14% growth, cushioning States during transition and strengthening trust.
- Institutional Dialogue The Council enables continuous negotiation, embodying “cooperative, not coercive federalism” (15th Finance Commission observations).
Challenges in Realising Full Potential
- Narrow Tax Base Key items like petroleum, alcohol, electricity remain outside GST, limiting input tax credit (ITC) chains.
- Rate Complexity Multiple slabs (0–28%) dilute simplicity and create classification disputes (RNR debate—Arvind Subramanian Committee).
- Compliance Burden & Fraud MSMEs face filing complexity; fake ITC claims challenge enforcement.
- Post-Compensation Stress Since 2022, States face revenue uncertainty, reviving concerns over fiscal autonomy.
- Council Functioning Issues Voting asymmetry (Centre 1/3 weight) and occasional disagreements raise questions on balance (Mohit Minerals, 2022: Council recommendations not binding).
Conclusion
- GST has reconfigured fiscal federalism, enhancing coordination and efficiency, but remains work in progress.
- GST 2.0 should prioritise base broadening (petroleum inclusion), rate rationalisation (2–3 slabs), robust IT systems, and predictable revenue frameworks to fully realise its transformative potential.
EXAMINE → Define → Components → Analyse → Qualify → Conclude
Significance — Structural Reform
- 101st Amendment → 17 taxes subsumed → cascading eliminated + GST Council → cooperative federalism institutionalised
Significance — Fiscal Federalism
- States' revenue ↑ → compensation ended 2022 → self-sustaining + Example: ₹2.43 lakh crore (Apr 2026) → Centre dependence ↓
Challenges − Petroleum + alcohol → outside GST → narrow base + multiple slabs → ITC fraud + MSME burden persists
Qualification + Conclusion ∴ Structural reform = achieved, full potential = unrealised → GST 2.0 must deliver petroleum inclusion + two-rate structure
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