Urbanisation

Critically examine how India’s urban missions (SBM-U 2.0, LiFE, AMRUT) and global frameworks (COP30, NOW, C-3-like alliances) can drive circular economy in cities. Discuss challenges of shifting from linear to circular systems, citing organic, plastic, C&D waste, and key technologies. How can institutional coordination and citizens’ participation be strengthened to build climate-resilient, resource-efficient cities by 2050?

Philosophical traditions emphasising the unity of life are being invoked in contemporary environmental discourse. Discuss how spiritual humanism and heritage conservation can reinforce environmental ethics, and critically assess their effectiveness in addressing modern ecological crises.

Philosophical traditions emphasising the unity of life are being invoked in contemporary environmental discourse. Discuss how spiritual humanism and heritage conservation can reinforce environmental ethics, and critically assess their effectiveness in addressing modern ecological crises.

Cities built without women cannot work for women. Discuss this statement in the context of India’s urban transformation, focusing on the links between gender equity, bureaucracy, and inclusive development.

Critically analyse whether India’s urban transport policies and smart city initiatives are adequate to meet future mobility needs, and discuss how sustainable and affordable public transport options, including metros, e-buses and trams, can be optimised by drawing lessons from other countries.

The increasing overlap between political authority and religious institutions challenges the traditional understanding of Indian secularism.* Discuss this trend with reference to urban governance and public expenditure priorities.