Infrastructure

Critically assess whether external economic pressures, such as tariffs, constrain India’s strategic autonomy in practice.

Large-scale infrastructure projects in India continue to face delays due to land acquisition hurdles, environmental clearances and coordination gaps despite policy continuity and monitoring mechanisms like PRAGATI" Critically evaluate PRAGATI’s effectiveness through cooperative federalism, escalation frameworks, whole-of-government coordination and the credibility of governance metrics in reflecting real implementation progress.

Critically analyse the role of Mira variable stars in recalibrating the extragalactic distance ladder and its implications for resolving the Hubble tension in modern cosmology.